Kamis, 16 Februari 2017

Evaluasi Intervensi Berbasis Komunitas untuk Meningkatkan Pendeteksian Kasus TB pada Area Pedalaman Tanzania



WHO mendeklarasikan tuberkulosis (TB) sebagai kegawatdaruratan kesehatan masyarakat global pada tahun 1993. Pada tahun 2006 WHO mengeluarkan strategi STOP TB dan menerbitkan “Global Plan to Stop TB, 2006-2015”. Pada tahun 2012, diestimasikan 8,6juta penduduk di dunia menderita TB dan 1,3 juta penduduk meninggal karena TB. Namun dari angka penderita TB di di seluruh dunia tersebut, diperkirakan sepertiga di antara mereka tidak “terdeteksi” oleh layanan kesehatan. Menyadari bahwa strategi pencegahan dan penanganan TB diperkirakan belum sufisien mencapai target, WHO merencanakan strategi lain yaitu dengan melibatkan komunitas sebagai komponen utamanya.  
Di Tanzania, TB dan TB/HIV terus menjadi beban dalam sistem kesehatan dan menjadi penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas yang signifikan. Ppenderita tuberkulosis (TB) di Tanzania biasanya akan memeriksakan dirinya sendiri ke dukun setempat. Oleh karena itu pada 2009-2011 dilakukan pilot project  berbasis komunitas di area pedalaman Tanzania untuk meningkatkan pendeteksian kasus TB.  Pada pelaksanaannya, program ini dilakukan di Distrik Kisarawe, Area Pwani, Tanzania. 
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c7OFWpqK5WyKXq91wUxD01VSnePOaDQe/u4amT84GIO630Dch2C5DkTtSda9qfO1Aeq6/vrSksAQVxx7M8nNKAiXKRgfSYp/JUtSTJHTT9avBYLneipuF4fW92hYadqidECVf21isTR2pP1R+vT/i8GdwJZQZKxjIHwphP9gbDMX+wCDvmLaAqZZ6kuRNVp3K41zaUnauuqGhM1miYsramqfd4S2N8D6Y8XTPYUFd1Th5vCBFNHY0KWYXsXFMu95pzv2pM4NyvfnVu7/b0IZgDjkPcOZYFDGBJWNedZEFTqoxKcwe12bautr6yurIqadZPd5SXtzQ3VwteamUzVt5R3tFcJZdXV1SWVVUgLk118rjzI6sjcrgTygbBe6iSyct7a5RH1Lin3STFsDRgKAqQDAgEAMteEI/3y8MdZNZxREOFPJn4ihYMYE0N5yoqKqsES1/RjA32Cq563PBD7sr6RllV4nxZTQ53WDKa4e/Kxo58pqQEzJkVC8m5uQhAg/5ZDhBUVMWcFAePCuCuGDyrqOuQpc8TlOZYyu+D3CGZVN5UVdY0nCtLHa2SN0lxP1FZJm8+OuaAjkQibveyMO6HFQizETf0ctwkVwz3ihP1tYQgqAQbgXvKt4lzB6LMaa6vIdIusfyUBPea6srq+iM0coBTsRxDRwENC5Q7ADiaDpDI2LMDRXEXYhfgeIpbnDvRkmzMxLmnycqQ25R2eeW9EtyPy1O1bIlBR4QvN8PRIBIv3SQVpWmKTB4qhnvcztdncReagiLuZ5NkqyqQt9yUlrsE96bGckHoxGBtqbmTbjSwh6a4aLxoc27AIW13u0H28PaDcy/Py12w86nTJbhjLbJeFMlpKP9V6Ys8OcBAd8YSTVj0lYiFQ9ouKudHzb1mL+4NijK5olGhkMvkR1Dm2QhS8Hg+BOajAfhNR6VO/ADce3tlyYNVR1LqA4nhqyQTVUFjD9A4/p8G94qO8toTqTpCMth3WHBI1kSAotxklHRz83kmMLx/7pVlSnElchR1PEvNs/QKy6kCaPYG9Gg/MPdUeK/6LGovJH/Kyo+AO8NFo0yUdVvIgb3mrByIu9Biy1/HCXY+HZuMc8+M26QjYtVHIHhigOMCFiqK7N4ePaBi7jJxN1x2vC7NPe7Tgo6k6CoF7g15uZ+V4J52E2V1peduoSwggKYtQbs3n/+0JjF3cTJSXHK4y+I+7YlM7seTZKtkWdzj8eDU7eKxi4bU8XMFRj+KAQuNuwpaOWjrVyRNfBZF5LiLDmTFqIm0T6sQEpv258sERy6lBlVCwy3t08a1KR2jlgl5kc7zozD1cQ+OpGhhCHceKJtTNgiJ5FTqAFaeOiD0YaS7IuK/YWsktUMOK2lClq7Akf9/Kh2+b87MykohpF2b7gtT1EskrCSgc325JL3esw3y6goxGo+f7T2NYi6D9fL03sqzg6dOpE+UVZ1qahpskaV3NB8bPF6d8fOY6L6K+sGmXpn4dxOBQhvpHR2D72XUlQinT3R0lGeho+UENMvKupaWDvFO+DPrt/h4/IT0r8yfOad3tHTAB4h3dJzIY+yJIxunQmBSyH+kZCByHiCVPBq2SdxHxf2DQSr+TMY/LAGGTnQjqGD1tEKz+e30R4MoQ5KBFdUyyzKsBdkohnRbOCpnLuXHCCjvZTeAfOH2MqtiyQFymVYF2NI+5b9flvZ+pYFbBUjohLpZlqOjsPXJDLABJk/DuyA8upfc8iWmyamD5KN7Ptxnuf/ypzLWTwB7YZlg3O755QGagU1PJhJlKOidSURbCoUgYhwSBr/xv8V9u6u83/vVo69+4/vh3pS/FNPBSwUyuuxmVrgI9EEZEI1EOajsTCHLR+TDo7ePvvK9fTSz+m7KO3MHgH/fWbsXvD8V/Or+j//+8u5LSe7YUQaO84PluHmGYlZooOIAvedqCQWBf/0qOOP1vgvu3ve/RRrw3y/vr/qDP/i897969HL33/+RuqiheS8Xqz7/gMTDgaMY2OC2MNkVGnPA2ZSP0GxYy0u//y3/bhVxv/vS73vtXbvj9d1R33u0K1lx1jfW5Zf84IFcb4Ig9u1xs7CAyKBJx7tTCIZGm3SULe6Zj/zBVT/48d2dtbXXq49+RCu03RNs3l7d+cdlssaWht5Tx3Jw6tTxRlk5UEocSmCw6XSu0gwerzrXKKs7VqTHDlvgL2i0dMwKS3FkhP6mOMuMv3vJe8Eqfz8I2aLe8Udf7XsNhpqiFdWKc1UyuQhV1efgp6ysohk0NTfLFeJj8saK5uayRrRVXV3V0VAjFnJtuQI18Cpl8uYCm+kWWMczKObAuefdFLNMU0yEY7lIkXYPJzO9R/X+lj0eT4EtNWWdqPOxuab2rAw1YivlyBrWpPvmUJO1Ho0fSPRFQJLVx9P96cqWdI+lbM9u9gCSKznPqC6QXMBNBiJRC32BfsOu0CskR0W4vAHHvOSLHrkhhBSrW5SAEHOvqoUSrJKhAaTCWWdFA1HLFHFtTjXQoY6kRHxcFBmR7TkmKaCiaRBlGXcEBOgLFgvzAhARhlmZZ6MkCXX/oEavCKDhtbIWlMhs7kAYaakQhCcOdFVWxHW8Vy7alehlU4rOQ33ZezyYHFh2U24UaiHcyyxHkCskgLpPJ1ux6PcR45gClmkh5TnchRBcPJwu5lRZGed+SiTi5FDpU41V6Z1l1ZIzEpJYYTnUhTJPgwhLwtKdFW4i3Adrz5nH7YVa2YbqxFgBCe6gtzERr8LOpY8lg3zHxOpdHs8PcTBwv1A8TUctFAkdvHlVbo1IADIicU0BsPbYbftXsQKOy5KjJCW4g5aKOHdiH+6VJ5SCoRGNni7LDIXyucNkAxYka7RkUi441n1AV48IjQ+Zxws6tUOW9OukuDdVy4Wc2Y+7rGMfuaunvEWpMMke1LWf8IQmsDFsyCw1dT0DWLMi6bVKcQd1CcdOka7kpLgnR9Qfy7B16W4f/v7+nkZpYOyBosQdHrttzrFPnVcrS42JluTepIiPGNube8WJpHkpE0XAKytSFfzdGT/0t5HLetRTZYxz1iGr2TE25HDYfg2wiT1W6qk5l6qHJLlj5fEiIcE9bedlFamBJE3V6RMbe1OP4afIu2u7sCH535fAlwoxHAmstpDd5rDbjL8GIWuPY6wPtzuk1b+pLFUhSHIHx87lco+X7Xi/TVWFvPG4qDE0mDqzUTSM9r//AcFV31RwbepV0Hf0YQQjWrkmZHWMOQAWst6y2wmjhOVXpp1uae4gvpXBHcMwZW2DvLIM9Uu01GeOHqqpENS+QnZKtNN/7+5U8P6U5dHU2/s/WlbfvocIksM2Pm7sMRLjE8aQfWjMaJyw5rd+ebjHIeJeWdbR0tIsk1dVlZ2oa6jJaQDXNCNfWJbh0/FvH02tvf4R/PdH8P+//M3a1JfB0rI35rgzmAftMtrGHHb7xJgjBIwhxy27ccIuuVBTwdybeyHqUVOnqqqiuvl4dmu1pjI+3SgTPPloF8zcU88Ef1S/Ds6g9URLhaGhHnPcphOpTDDeSm31QQUI2Y0ej9EeunVrTuoOhXJP2Lpkl3SlTCE7m1maTilk0iEP9bu3d1/e/Y/v5d2vHk1ZXs+UqORbIS1CmHlqnutxTAhlG+vLSNOQwwZlDxx9E5IrVBXJXdSWqWzMnEqBVVTnabvjgF999Pr1V+/u3f/y33fulyp2bvWEHH1z42i2PfwKhaRdWpjGoVt2q5TSF8td3JbJCm21VO0RAL175zf3frM79XbG7y2c3d7o+zWwhszCynOoPoPUjdl2LeHnYH0OKcEXy13s18WHH6SwZ+wX990BvPeeeipY7ELJeTE+AfrsAA8NAcJjJvoAjluLW4HvMNwz5sRgpwcHa/ZvR95dK9kbTswYMHvG++aMAK1E+Ful0W4trDWTxKG4V6RH7vSekCsUiqqz73l0AW61DyGvDnq1wNzTNzYG1dsIsMJas4fjnmyyKTsaBftfKa84giFF+8JsBIRtfKLHZuvrGRvzYOMODCRb8+b8ixDuyb2xQLlj5emZo3sZvKMEYR83emw2j91oxEOe9BptUCfyYS/u+7Xfy5IV+ilRUFN+ZEOK9gdh71P32KwTYwCzOeYwawgfIsZTcs8pjntx3y9mVSVP+HHiUVyVzSWfJ1AUMOv4OLT+NqsR/E8IH5+wTTjsGMAwAu/JXoZSzL0yK7SuFHNvzo1VphrwmXGbo5oHVxTMc6HQuA1Ye+bmJmy/NvfMOfDs9XeJchF3WZadqtk7Rl11Lhn8qRB1YlRm52AGrufWAwtHtKqjGbbmxjxzoV8D2KSfs1sJq3ncIaZfWyVKtjyr+7VXVIwrZfF9osGDKeoZwcrEJMEUOPEYqmtXruZUPwuXDk0zH/Ahc5+1x24MQdo289zEWJ9okUoiI8RakdkxLRpfWpYK2Zcl8qpC3pxutJ2uFMVtRG051GiziBbnxhaV5+EjiNkFDK3udl3Ih9nF2SNt2JuhQ+vwOMbG54iJuaRmN/WeLVdkjLeUNzf0nooLpra3ty7joKysvre3oQoNpJRVN55r7hXXZYONiWySnROtEMBA2gxg02NplEuCsb14e+k29sUSOL8Arl16wF85f+QrG2JmoxUbH5+w3kqQP1tedzwbdXWJUFRTeV320bq6xK76hmPZlbjyuKxRLlfI68QjJ+kIRbvRCzuSO/DF6+jcRRLMnr95FUp84crSZfLK7M2Sq73kGpkTdpstaesJKYC9DmaekgFlTW/vYHq+Lx3ggMW9TNGqCJUW/M3bs7NXr126NHvxPLa4tPhAubh0G1zDlLlW4FCYJW6eL+kNiwJ3YZmyAPc8RwVIWngXSRw3b5+/BoiLSw9IQFxHSgCuLgAJt+MwmL1+c0l5/tLFg9y0BEsRkBfmQZQG7IV5NHoMzW+QxqUFcPPi4R+Xgdnri2Bx4cGDxQPoUs5K6AfJC4bioip2wB2v4Lh801lmb1+6vXCA2+8BbPHKbUK5ePN/FxaLv9gwLKxCqe9PL8BcxAvQODb+bYlQFDRyCc4D+cYOzi5cLz6Fe4FYIpVLt8mFpSVi9nyxWt+madeCNi1QjxiE3/ioqV1T0EswEBjVivBNRtmoSNjMoUfSFYoH1zAwe2Xx5tKlS9LGfi9oRyF/kwYHOoO+VWdoHzW066a7979OABmhBlCNZqGiNHnAYQSHwsWrxCLAzmNLS1cOoFCtJr1hRDfd1q/tH9UZhnXTraC/YLEDko5SHMkMCFO29n/PVmmhXCBnb1+EtvPBAsCuC05lcdnfPmxQ949odKP6frSeta6rDbSNFnYpg0q1hQoMXDj40OCDg7h5e3EJ3LxCYhdnEzbeElmOJmYoCGIQWX4SgmazpWMYVXf1a039hk7DdJveMAqLfqehIKUnhXcKuTmL+0PMBCDOXyMg56vXZ5fAQoKlhSOjcdEHVEAFAql0kZGVlShFzb/IvEf7COhux7tb29vahCWO0S69uoCHkwyajw+rtxIQKRLXoJ8Aq8vZq+DatcXzaWFCkxth5y10ZBnQ81HGwpCASdhdjkaLJBQ2UQfH93vpgOokh4YRgRd5NN44Pn7At/fsC2Jx9ovrV6+dP7+0ODsrchhISkW76SgX5WiOpebnAyydsMYgQKNRnfM55NMLTrW3plZ5VqPVp3HQnmfRZwKooissmgCRb2i4rc9utZbk9SViYMJ/fnGJ5BcXLl/LcuYiaGrGPMdGom7SDeio243Ej46gcgllnzOQU596nS16x10n2mjv1KHxm/1tpjyGTwVvPj/Auam8xn1ozgxCB3xrT34sLYAri7Ng9vIlcHH2YraTCAnSyyzNqUgL8q4ZFQtYtxslkWMAPcCiJlcmdBpYzLvR6+y0pm6DpntYrTPputtGdK2abumXtaBi7l6OqNz5XyNmtpo9xrmSL+y0cOX6tSuLS9cvXrkIWwcF9kokQN+Yz37jm9YwPGrQmTRteGfncHfb8GinfrgftHV1Q3vfPyrp39Mr9DJNQdc1f4Vq9Iw7HJ7QkNFeUr2fvXT12sLS7KUrl1AUoDjuEug3DOO4CZXvVvU0Dob13aMjI0Dd1a6ZbtX2555Pr7y44Y5QgN176L/Z2ufoszpCfR6zFRO600qCB1evXr94CTaJpWiTLCuyPoXMzFEPq1uHdahg49NqoOnGh/Ww0I9ooZODd47m1PVuFT3gJiPZ74mUhN3mgAZ/zGa0h0ok/muXsKvQxkvHACzRqJsF7mR1HxU+uPlA/kxQa9TqzlE13ML10LFXA2HxXVwYq67WZek8zcC70xdUligjLCu1N8xmh218bLxv3OGxlqjsnyehA08C6TXiLJEVGkTJuFgIxJ2kI3TCn5Mcxqku/MmWAUpYcSK/fc+G0TgORT7hGA+V5mVls3tFACwRdkXldkeXmQhFJ4IoUYDoU4EbFHeY9iUkTEF3YR7sYeSkMVcLekI9QxMTR9trzaBJmDB97ACNJuQhQRNRMuJWkYFlOpBvSZwCQJKwrqSgslPF38NIgDmlPeT5bZ/ZXirtl0DUTbMRtzsQ5dwcrISF1YAiIBBAc3OiBxU7dBVIdsXtjixzbtJSoMJnmgozcPTYjVjfmMNoPipvFxp6NL3cIrzoN2HoLWgYP62iQc48vQKAg3lWWF0lMsDRFwYGirrYnLbvuBG3hSYIq83s6XH8lN5VsSfoCywTHZgPuCOkqvAQhREWcHNPDxoUNZQs5kMTIZunzxg6KsGXHkTEHWECESeuES0AAAZ1SURBVDYQCBRxVU+NMWSfQO9lNnvm+pJ7MWj4x+0973sdkIODjkRXSI4LSM79yAfbBLCFPEKXGMwE0WAQs3V8/OfDnbzA0BStKi44hY3bHFabMO6zb85hyzB9P8G3tOQFGwXMClNsNBID5pCw4bB5Mkv4z4k7gJ7sgUEYe4B5zuz4+eh5Fg4RgR7y9CGv1tNjNJY8kPOTh7XH0We7ZTWGbt0yJl7T/AuCtQ+Ne+qB/rx1bgIbcijBz6eGLw2MPXarzTo3NDdnThjBXxDME30h29zQhCc03rf/2R8dMMLocBiBw1OiV4//zIDZCbPH2FPyAPbPBNDL/8Vyh55dCUI4mCu9LZ6ES/DxBQIzBolJztLleReZXkxQ2EDJ4pPTejGRW5O8AS9ZQ0usSIgdZa/85IbLyTtdDB9zxpzwP8lP4jG4I/b7dee6E7hirknXJOkETtLpcj0BzpgZnuiKbTFOchJeCFyu7dh2jHRukC54lZN8vg73wtsQ2zEnP7lDuojfr7ti/CT6452TTsJlcTKuDcuGi3Tyrh2XM4Y5+dhkDD6fePyUJ1FiLAR8PrwdH+O3f3ek3LefbJCbj588f/J4wxnejj1e/3ZyJxwOb6/vfLvheri+Hd74LhwmH2+sb2xtEjtbG+E/PtyY3Jhc3/njw/C2K/xwk/zu+fpGeGdj+2n4Ebuz4dzeDO9YiA3L82+fbm3T4cdPYhtheJONx5vhhzAzNjYeP3loCT/eeTK5Ed7a/OPOBrw49nxzG97VuTH5eHN7nQ8/ef7t1k7s283HR8nd6XRCwU7GtjaghHdiW+TjTVfYtTW5PhmOTU4CKKmNsMu5RW5NupyT6wAegOfvhJ2xrdiCE+5/HkOCC8fg2U5mK7YF7+SC2+s82macO8D1ODYZdm6sO51h16RwI/i8MLnldK0/X5+MxeAvJ1IlVxhdsr4F9Wydh3k7yU86w85w7Gj9VwIQOHAx8S2hnOJE/G296DfhRL8FNxr9OVEBdCVe5pvxTkc8PucS3kzYEAwFEYufCAsHSNxR/NyMbyL5Dz2MBx/Ya38eJkgClmMSpp0QDBeBETGeIQkszIdJ8N0OyUOzxeO8i+AJeC7hInESx3AS5hBO8NCI8PAKeDJ0SbD4GTxw8sRjC4FjPE+QsEzz7/uVoAXBvE6Etza2Nlzb4ecb6nB4C2r2Dr+xsxmObcICvE1uEhub208nH++s7zzc2JwM74Q3LJNbG5bw1pOtza2dyfD6ujO8s8nDYr0BtneeboV31qG2Q8sRhlvbO7HwdhiW7531D800F+odJ7RFzzcnv4UmAPx+HRrAjRjx1LWx/t1GeDL8+HcwNzYfP4VW7i00A5uQKyrHW0+wh1tPHq0/cW5vxOAVW5M8yjbwcBLdAJ4B+cKNcOzh8/AG2th8tPmTWikyDqjIUEuhZuI8hj9E+k0KxRGqubApFAYaHoR7CAKH52JQ5wkwyRC4M8ajahzDCFRa4E64gUoNHx9vTgqfPCwhPCpIH5ppafGziqh9wid8wifkB63Kxi9hjWwE4uuTn5/8/MzJk5+ncfLZh07V+wF78rPPnnEB7tlnIpyJdzZ+ZPV1DrjPP2O/PnPmzNfcN5+dSUEFWBVnWWaTYJJTYj4qcCeXvzkDJf2Nij759TMI9PG5CtCMyqKiWVZlgfaAsag+xlcEcGcCiPozlSrweVTF0qplFRuF3FmWfgblrWLRPvQBs0GVMWDx5w/um2eQ+9c0q/rmzDPmM+ZroPocyZ1RqTgVQ9MqBm7RLG2BvOmPkPuZM1CwZz7/LGphGZqLy51BsFhohqEtjOXjrPW4zwOff81A9X7GQXvPwfL+9bO43BmaZUgVZA5VXvUTbJ4eHtzJZ88++5pTqZ49O/MssPxMAORusZCQuYW0QLmTJMlYyI+PPnfmDAerN1aFLF4Cn8E6joHFANk9VsWgD1jUPz69V5387AzUcvabDN+G+fgdG4TAH06e/MMf4IcIbOkfg7ucFhfv4med8MM5OWnZYnieJ3le+G1B3zzvwpwuFx9zlv7xeUCQ2TiKp+DOye9Q3JOG37wrHHM+nAxvTYYfxpzfbcWeoxDg5HeTk86YKxxe/y5xDUYQGP5x6B+e7hSMdxMQaI86xmN8PNJNYDxJkOnXb22hSHHswyT2vaD9yfbOw52Nna0nO+vb4Z3w5nZ480On6f0h1Qtd4ILqn/AR4/8ASf7vhO8iigsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=


Intervensi yang dilakukan dalam pilot ptoject:

1.       Sensitisasi Area
Sensitiasi kepada koordinator TB distrik dan regional, ketua komunitas, dan organisasi-organisasi komunitas pada pentingnya intervensi berbasis komunitas untuk mendukung program TB lokal. Penyelenggara proyek menemui tim menajemen kesehatan setempat untuk memperoleh dukungan dalam meningkatkan diagnosis serta penanganan TB. Selain itu, penyelenggara juga berkonsultasi dengan organisasi komunitas yang didirikan oleh mantan pasien TB untuk mencari dukungan dan partisipasi dalam implementasi proyek.

2.       Pelatihan Dukun dan Ahli Obat Desa.
Pelatihan dukun dan ahli obat desa bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan merujuk warga dengan gejala TB untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan dan evaluasi lanjutan di fasilitas diagnosis DOTS (Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course). Untuk menghindari adanya potensi penundaan diagnosis, penyelenggara mengadakan  jaringan rujukan bagi warga terduga TB antara dukun dan ahli obat desa dengan pusat diagnosis DOTS.  Pada Juli 2009, dilakukan 2 hari training untuk para dukun dan ahli obat desa mengenai informasi dasar TB, diagnosis dan pengobatan berdasarkan DOTS, dan alur rujukan ke fasilitas DOTS. 

3.       Pelatihan dan Penyebaran, dan Supervisi 2 Pengambil Sampel Sputum
Anggota komunitas dilatih untuk dapat membantu mengumpulkan sampel sputum dari warga bergejala TB yang tinggal di area dengan fasilitas kesehatan yang tidak memiliki mikroskop. Anggota komunitas dilatih untuk mengambil sputum dan mempersiapkan preparat untuk diperiksa. Preparat selanjutnya akan diantarkan ke fasilitas diagnosis DOTS dan melaporkan kembali hasil pemeriksaan ke fasilitas di area tempat tinggal warganya.

4.       Pelatihan Delapan Pasien TB
Delapan pasien TB diminta untuk melakukan aksi sosial dengan fotografi menggunakan akar rerumputan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kepekaan terhadap TB dan memberikan motivasi kepada penderita TB lainnya.

Dari pelaksanaan proyek ini terdapat peningkatan 68% deteksi TB dan alur rujukan yang diciptakan dalam program memberikan kontribusi 70% dari keseluruhan peningkatan ini. Distrik Kisarawe merupakan area pedalaman di Tanzania. Sama seperti Indonesia yang memiliki banyak area pedalaman yang masih sangat percaya dengan dukun, maka ide dari proyek ini dapat dijadikan contoh dalam upaya meningkatkan deteksi TB untuk menurunkan fenomena gunung es tuberkulosis.


Referensi:
1.       Colvin C, Mugyabuso J, Munuo G, Lyimo J, Oren E, Mkomwa Z, et al. Evaluation of community-based interventions to improve TB case detection in a rural district of Tanzania. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2014;2(2):219-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-14-00026.
2.       World Health Organization (WHO); Stop TB Partnership. The Stop TB strategy: building on and enhancing DOTS to meet the TBrelated Millennium Development Goals. Geneva: WHO; 2006. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/strategy/en/
3.       World Health Organization (WHO); Stop TB Partnership. The global plan to stop TB, 2006–2015. Actions for life: towards a world free of tuberculosis. Geneva: WHO; 2006. Available from: http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/global/plan/GlobalPlanFinal.pdf
4.       World Health Organization (WHO). Global tuberculosis report 2013. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/
5.       World Health Organization (WHO); Stop TB Partnership. Advocacy, communication and social mobilization (ACSM) for tuberculosis control: a handbook for country programmes. Geneva: WHO; 2007. Available from: http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/resources/publications/acsm/ACSM_Handbook.pdf
6.       World Health Organization (WHO). Community contribution to TB care: practice and policy. Geneva: WHO; 2003. Available from: http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/countries/ acsm/community%20contribution%20to%20tb%20care.pdf.
7.       World Health Organization (WHO). Community involvement in tuberculosis care and prevention: towards partnerships for health. Guiding principles and recommendations based on a WHO review. Geneva: WHO; 2008. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596404_eng.pdf.
8.       Ministry of Health [Tanzania]. District health interventions profile 2004: an illustrated guide to selected health and demographic indicators. A source of information for Council Health Management teams for the 2004–2005 district health year and 2005 planning cycle: for Tanzania rural coastal districts – Lindi, Mtwara, Pwani and Tanga regions. Dar es Salaam: The Ministry; [2005]. Available from: http://www.tanzaniagateway.org/docs/District_health_interventions_profile_2004.pdf
9.       Ministry of Health and Social Welfare [Tanzania]. Kisarawe District TB quarterly reports, January–December 2009. Dar es Salaam: The Ministry; 2009. [Unpublished]

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